Micron Document
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Reinelement</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Ein <b>Reinelement</b>, auch <b>anisotopes Element</b>, ist ein <a href="Chemisches_Element" title="Chemisches Element">chemisches Element</a>, von dem auf der Erde (vor dem Eingriff des Menschen) nur ein einziges stabiles oder langlebiges <a href="Isotop" title="Isotop">Isotop</a> existiert. In einem natürlichen Vorkommen eines Reinelements haben alle seine Atome dieselbe Atommasse und stimmen auch in allen übrigen Eigenschaften überein.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_Chemie_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC_Chemie-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Alle anderen Elemente nennt man <a href="Mischelement" title="Mischelement">Mischelemente</a>.
</p><p>Es existieren 22 Reinelemente, von denen drei instabil sind:
</p>
<ul><li>stabil:  <a href="Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a>, <a href="Fluor" title="Fluor">Fluor</a>, <a href="Natrium" title="Natrium">Natrium</a>, <a href="Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a>, <a href="Phosphor" title="Phosphor">Phosphor</a>, <a href="Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a>, <a href="Mangan" title="Mangan">Mangan</a>, <a href="Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a>, <a href="Arsen" title="Arsen">Arsen</a>, <a href="Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a>, <a href="Niob" title="Niob">Niob</a>, <a href="Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a>, <a href="Iod" title="Iod">Iod</a>, <a href="Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a>, <a href="Praseodym" title="Praseodym">Praseodym</a>, <a href="Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a>, <a href="Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a>, <a href="Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> und <a href="Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li>
<li>instabil:  <a href="Bismut" title="Bismut">Bismut</a>, <a href="Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> und <a href="Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a></li></ul>
<p>Bismut, Thorium und Plutonium sind zwar nicht stabil, es existieren aber aufgrund ihrer sehr großen <a href="Halbwertszeit" title="Halbwertszeit">Halbwertszeit</a> noch natürliche Vorkommen, so dass auch sie zu den Reinelementen gezählt werden. Im Falle von Plutonium ist die seit Entstehung der Erde verbliebene Menge des stabilsten Isotops <sup>244</sup>Pu allerdings derart gering, dass die Menge inzwischen von Menschen hergestellten Plutoniums (wobei zumeist die Isotope <sup>238</sup>Pu bis <sup>242</sup>Pu anfallen) die Menge primordialen Plutoniums auf dem Planeten um Größenordnungen überschreiten dürfte, sodass <sup>244</sup>Pu bei weitem nicht (mehr) das häufigste Plutonium-Isotop des Planeten ist.
</p><p>Alle stabilen Reinelemente außer dem Sonderfall Beryllium besitzen ungerade <a href="Ordnungszahl" title="Ordnungszahl">Ordnungszahlen</a>. Der Umstand, dass auch die <a href="Massenzahl" title="Massenzahl">Massenzahlen</a> aller stabilen Reinelemente ungerade sind, mündete in die <a href="Mattauchsche_Isobarenregel" title="Mattauchsche Isobarenregel">Mattauchsche Isobarenregel</a>.
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<th bgcolor="#CCFFCC"><a href="Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff">H</a></th>
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<th bgcolor="#CCFFCC"><a href="Helium" title="Helium">He</a>
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<th bgcolor="#CCFFCC"><a href="Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#FFFF99"><a href="Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a></th>
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<th bgcolor="#CCFFCC"><a href="Kohlenstoff" title="Kohlenstoff">C</a></th>
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<th bgcolor="#CCFFCC"><a href="Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a>
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<th bgcolor="#FFFF99"><a href="Natrium" title="Natrium">Na</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCFFCC"><a href="Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a></th>
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<th bgcolor="#CCFFCC"><a href="Titan_(Element)" title="Titan (Element)">Ti</a></th>
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<th bgcolor="#CCFFCC"><a href="Chrom" title="Chrom">Cr</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#FFFF99"><a href="Mangan" title="Mangan">Mn</a></th>
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<th bgcolor="#FFFF99"><a href="Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a></th>
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<th bgcolor="#CCFFCC"><a href="Brom" title="Brom">Br</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCFFCC"><a href="Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a>
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<th bgcolor="#88FF88"><a href="Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a></th>
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<th bgcolor="#CCFFCC"><a href="Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#FFFF99"><a href="Niob" title="Niob">Nb</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCFFCC"><a href="Molybd%C3%A4n" title="Molybdän">Mo</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><a href="Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCFFCC"><a href="Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a></th>
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<th bgcolor="#CCFFCC"><a href="Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#88FF88"><a href="Indium" title="Indium">In</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCFFCC"><a href="Zinn" title="Zinn">Sn</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCFFCC"><a href="Antimon" title="Antimon">Sb</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCFFCC"><a href="Tellur" title="Tellur">Te</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#FFFF99"><a href="Iod" title="Iod">I </a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCFFCC"><a href="Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>
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<th bgcolor="#FFFF99"><a href="Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCFFCC"><a href="Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#88FF88"><a href="Lanthan" title="Lanthan">La</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCFFCC"><a href="Cer" title="Cer">Ce</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#FFFF99"><a href="Praseodym" title="Praseodym">Pr</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCFFCC"><a href="Neodym" title="Neodym">Nd</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><a href="Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCFFCC"><a href="Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCFFCC"><a href="Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCFFCC"><a href="Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#FFFF99"><a href="Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCFFCC"><a href="Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#FFFF99"><a href="Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCFFCC"><a href="Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#FFFF99"><a href="Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCFFCC"><a href="Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#88FF88"><a href="Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCFFCC"><a href="Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#88FF88"><a href="Tantal" title="Tantal">Ta</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCFFCC"><a href="Wolfram" title="Wolfram">W</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#88FF88"><a href="Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCFFCC"><a href="Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCFFCC"><a href="Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCFFCC"><a href="Platin" title="Platin">Pt</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#FFFF99"><a href="Gold" title="Gold">Au</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCFFCC"><a href="Quecksilber" title="Quecksilber">Hg</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCFFCC"><a href="Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCFFCC"><a href="Blei" title="Blei">Pb</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#FFCC00"><a href="Bismut" title="Bismut">Bi</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><a href="Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><a href="Astat" title="Astat">At</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><a href="Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>
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<th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><a href="Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><a href="Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><a href="Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#FFCC00"><a href="Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><a href="Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#FFBBBB"><a href="Uran" title="Uran">U</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><a href="Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#FFCC00"><a href="Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><a href="Americium" title="Americium">Am</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><a href="Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><a href="Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><a href="Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><a href="Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><a href="Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><a href="Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><a href="Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><a href="Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><a href="Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><a href="Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><a href="Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><a href="Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><a href="Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><a href="Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><a href="Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><a href="Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><a href="Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><a href="Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><a href="Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><a href="Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><a href="Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><a href="Tenness" title="Tenness">Ts</a></th>
<th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><a href="Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a>
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<p><br>
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<td bgcolor="#FFFF99">stabile Reinelemente
</td>
<td bgcolor="#FFCC00"><a href="Primordiales_Nuklid" title="Primordiales Nuklid">primordiale</a> Reinelemente
</td>
<td bgcolor="#CCCCCC">instabile Elemente
</td>
<td bgcolor="#CCFFCC">stabile <a href="Mischelement" title="Mischelement">Mischelemente</a>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#FFBBBB">primordiale Mischelemente
</td>
<td bgcolor="#88FF88">Mischelemente<br>mit&nbsp;nur&nbsp;einem stabilen Isotop
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>In der Natur entstehen aufgrund von Kernumwandlung durch <a href="Kosmische_Strahlung" title="Kosmische Strahlung">kosmische Strahlung</a> und <a href="Spontanspaltung" class="mw-redirect" title="Spontanspaltung">Spontanspaltung</a> in Spuren auch andere Isotope der Reinelemente. Ebenso entstehen in Spuren auch einige der hier grau unterlegten instabilen Elemente.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bedeutung_der_Reinelemente">Bedeutung der Reinelemente</h2></div>
<p>Um ein natürlich gewonnenes Element technisch in seine Isotope zu trennen, ist es oft erforderlich, es in elementarer (nicht gebundener) Form zu behandeln, da viele andere chemisch eingebundene Elemente ihrerseits Isotope haben und zu Masseunterschieden der Moleküle beitragen. Verbindungen mit Reinelementen haben diesen Nachteil nicht. Beispielsweise können Uran-Isotope bei der <a href="Urananreicherung" class="mw-redirect" title="Urananreicherung">Urananreicherung</a> getrennt werden, indem man das Uran mit dem Reinelement Fluor verbindet, weil Massenunterschiede in den <a href="Uranhexafluorid" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranhexafluorid">Uranhexafluorid</a>-Molekülen nur auf Isotope des <a href="Uran" title="Uran">Urans</a> zurückgehen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-ABC_Chemie-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ABC_Chemie_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Brockhaus ABC Chemie</i>, VEB F. A. Brockhaus Verlag Leipzig 1965, S.&nbsp;1195.</span>
</li>
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